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Europium vs Thulium

Europium
Thulium
Thulium vs Europium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Eu  
Tm  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440531  
34
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Europium is used in Euro banknotes for security features.  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1896  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
822.00 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
6,320.00 m/s  
4
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.83  
19
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Eu  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.01  
99+
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
580.70 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr  
37
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
2.50 eV  
99+
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
63  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
63  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
89  
39
100  
33
Number of Electrons
63  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm  
22
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
151.96 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol  
11
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Samarium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Gadolinium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)  
36
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
458.10 pm  
19
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
35
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)  
4
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa  
99+
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa  
99+
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa  
99+
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.15  
35
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.24  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
15
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K  
19
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,099.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol  
99+
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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