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Francium vs Cadmium

Francium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Francium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fr  
Cd  
Group Number
1  
17
12  
6
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440735  
18
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • 223 Francium has the longest half life at 21.8.
  • Francium metal is produced by alpha decay in 227Actinium 227.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Formed by Decay Process, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marguerite Perey  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1939  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Francium has no known uses as it has a half life of only 22 minutes.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
27.00 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
677.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.20  
27
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
119.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
300.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,440.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fr  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.70  
99+
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.70  
99+
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86  
99+
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.68  
99+
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
0.67  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.30  
1
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
38,000.00 kJ/mol  
23
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
32
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
39,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
677.00 kJ/mol  
31
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
8.32 g/amp-hr  
1
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.07 eV  
33
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
87  
31
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
87  
31
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
136  
18
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
87  
31
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
348.00 pm  
1
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
260.00 pm  
1
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
348.00 pm  
1
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
223.00 amu  
27
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
71.00 cm3/mol  
2
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Polonium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Radium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
8.00 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
440.00 pm  
21
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.87 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.87 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.60 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
6.00 GPa  
99+
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.87  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
3.00 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
0.70 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)  
37
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
15.00 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
300.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
67.00 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.30 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
71.00 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
42.00 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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