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Francium vs Cerium

Francium
Cerium
Cerium vs Francium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fr  
Ce  
Group Number
1  
17
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440735  
18
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • 223 Francium has the longest half life at 21.8.
  • Francium metal is produced by alpha decay in 227Actinium 227.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Formed by Decay Process, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marguerite Perey  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1939  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Francium has no known uses as it has a half life of only 22 minutes.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
27.00 °C  
99+
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
677.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.20  
27
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
119.00 MPa  
99+
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
300.00 MPa  
99+
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,440.00 m/s  
99+
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fr  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.70  
99+
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.70  
99+
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86  
99+
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.68  
99+
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
0.67  
99+
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.30  
1
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
38,000.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
32
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
39,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
677.00 kJ/mol  
31
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
8.32 g/amp-hr  
1
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.07 eV  
33
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
87  
31
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s1  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
87  
31
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
136  
18
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
87  
31
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
348.00 pm  
1
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
260.00 pm  
1
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
348.00 pm  
1
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
223.00 amu  
27
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
71.00 cm3/mol  
2
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Polonium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Radium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
8.00 (-eV)  
99+
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
440.00 pm  
21
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.87 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.87 g/cm3  
99+
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.60 GPa  
99+
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
6.00 GPa  
99+
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.87  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
3.00 nΩ·m  
99+
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.70 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)  
37
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
15.00 W/m·K  
99+
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
300.00 K  
99+
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
67.00 kJ/mol  
99+
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
71.00 kJ/mol  
99+
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
42.00 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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