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Gadolinium Thulium Comparison

Gadolinium
Thulium
Thulium Gadolinium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Tm   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
1.25   
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
100   
32
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
Summary >>
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