Thulium Gadolinium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Gd
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440542
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1879
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,311.00 °C
35
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
3,233.00 °C
25
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
510.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.20
39
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.80
15
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
64
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
64
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
93
37
Number of Electrons
69
99+
64
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
46.10 (-eV)
34
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
363.60 pm
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.59
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
7.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
7.40 g/cm3
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
7.39 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
21.80 GPa
33
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
37.90 GPa
34
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
54.80 GPa
35
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.26
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
7.90
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
37.03 J/mol·K
2
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
10.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
359.40 kJ/mol
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
10.05 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
352.00 kJ/mol
27
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
68.10 J/mol.K
16
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