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Gallium Copper Comparison

Gallium
Copper
Copper Gallium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Cu  
Group Number
13  
5
11  
7
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
Cmca  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
-  
Discovery
In 1875  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Copper  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
235.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
343.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
1.10  
99+
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
90.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.49  
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.85  
12
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.65 eV  
16
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
361.49 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.28  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
210.00 MPa  
19
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
120.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
8.89  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
19
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
31
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
1,358.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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