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Gallium vs Copper

Gallium
Copper
Copper vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Cu   
Group Number
13   
5
11   
7
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
Cmca   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1875   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
Not Available   
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Copper   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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