Gallium Holmium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Ho
Group Number
13
5
Not Available
Period Number
4
6
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440600
29
Space Group Name
Cmca
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
64.00
9
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Marc Delafontaine
Discovery
In 1875
In 1878
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
5 * 10-8 %
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
1,461.00 °C
30
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
2,600.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
746.00 MPa
13
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
481.00 MPa
23
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
2,760.00 m/s
30
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Ho
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.23
37
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.10
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.77
17
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
67
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
67
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
98
34
Number of Electrons
31
99+
67
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
192.00 pm
17
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
216.00 pm
24
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
164.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
18.70 cm3/mol
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
47.90 (-eV)
31
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
357.73 pm
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
8.79 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
8.34 g/cm3
26
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
0.00 (Pa)
16
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
26.30 GPa
28
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
40.20 GPa
32
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
64.80 GPa
31
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.23
29
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
8.80
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
814.00 nΩ·m
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
27.15 J/mol·K
19
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
16.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
241.00 kJ/mol
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
11.76 kJ/mol
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
301.00 kJ/mol
36
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
75.30 J/mol.K
8
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