Holmium Gallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho
Ga
Group Number
Not Available
13
5
Period Number
6
4
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440600
29
7440553
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Cmca
Space Group Number
194.00
5
64.00
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1878
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %
27
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
NA
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C
30
29.78 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C
99+
2,403.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa
13
56.80 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa
23
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s
30
2,740.00 m/s
31
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23
37
1.81
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.42
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10
30
1.82
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.01
5
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.76
14
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77
17
2.19
39
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.20 eV
23
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67
99+
31
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
67
99+
31
99+
Number of Neutrons
98
34
39
99+
Number of Electrons
67
99+
31
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
135.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm
17
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm
24
187.00 pm
32
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu
99+
69.72 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol
24
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)
31
69.70 (-eV)
19
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm
38
451.97 pm
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3
99+
5.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3
26
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
16
0.00 (Pa)
15
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa
28
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa
32
Not Available
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa
31
9.80 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23
29
0.47
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.80
35
5.91
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m
4
270.00 nΩ·m
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K
19
25.86 J/mol·K
35
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K
99+
40.60 W/m·K
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol
38
256.10 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol
29
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol
36
276.10 kJ/mol
39
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K
8
40.80 J/mol.K
38
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