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Holmium vs Gallium

Holmium
Gallium
Gallium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho  
Ga  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440600  
29
7440553  
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Cmca  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
64.00  
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine  
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Discovery
In 1878  
In 1875  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C  
30
29.78 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C  
99+
2,403.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa  
14
56.80 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa  
36
111.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.67  
29
1.81  
20
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
36.00 %  
33
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ho  
Ga  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23  
38
1.81  
16
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.23  
30
2.42  
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10  
31
1.82  
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.23  
37
2.01  
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.23  
99+
1.76  
17
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77  
17
2.19  
40
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
5th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
13th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
40
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
20
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr  
33
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.20 eV  
30
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
67  
99+
31  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Neutrons
98  
35
39  
99+
Number of Electrons
67  
99+
31  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
135.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm  
17
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
187.00 pm  
39
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu  
99+
69.72 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol  
36
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)  
32
69.70 (-eV)  
19
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm  
99+
451.97 pm  
20
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.30  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3  
99+
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3  
99+
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
41.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
15
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa  
35
7.20 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa  
37
37.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa  
33
9.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
29
0.47  
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80  
99+
5.91  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
7
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m  
4
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K  
25
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K  
99+
40.60 W/m·K  
34
Critical Temperature
1,747.00 K  
34
302.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol  
99+
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol  
35
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol  
99+
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K  
8
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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