Gallium Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Tl
Group Number
13
5
13
5
Period Number
4
6
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
64.00
9
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1875
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
26.50 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
81
35
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
123
20
Number of Electrons
31
99+
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
16.90 (Pa)
5
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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