Hafnium Mercury Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Hg
Group Number
4
14
12
6
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440586
30
7439976
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Discovery
In 1922
Before 2000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.05 %
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
In Bone
Not Available
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
Not Available
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
356.58 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
1,451.40 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
3
Reflectivity
Not Available
73.00 %
8
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Hg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.20
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.81
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
1.44
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
4.49 eV
15
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
80
36
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
80
36
Number of Neutrons
106
29
121
22
Number of Electrons
72
99+
80
36
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
155.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
200.59 amu
32
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
14.82 cm3/mol
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
28.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
300.50 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
13.53 g/cm3
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
Not Available
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
0.00
1
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
Not Available
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
13.53
16
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
961.00 nΩ·m
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
27.98 J/mol·K
13
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
8.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
1,750.00 K
6
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
75.80 J/mol.K
6
|
||
|
||
|
