Mercury Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg
Hf
Group Number
12
6
4
14
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439976
99+
7440586
30
Space Group Name
R_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
166.00
6
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %
9
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
Not Available
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
356.58 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Liquid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s
99+
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
3
Not Available
Reflectivity
73.00 %
8
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20
7
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81
9
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.44
30
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV
15
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80
36
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
80
36
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
121
22
106
29
Number of Electrons
80
36
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu
32
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol
35
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)
99+
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm
99+
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3
24
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
0.00
1
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
Not Available
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.53
16
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m
1
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K
13
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K
99+
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K
6
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K
6
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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