Hafnium vs Nickel
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Ni
Group Number
4
14
10
8
Period Number
6
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440020
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Discovery
In 1922
In 1751
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
6 * 10-3 %
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.008 %
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
1.30 %
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.01 %
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
In Bone
Not Available
0.70 p.p.m.
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
1,453.00 °C
31
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
2,732.00 °C
38
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
4.00
10
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
667.00 MPa
18
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
638.00 MPa
16
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
4,900.00 m/s
12
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
72.00 %
9
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Ni
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.91
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.94
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.75
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
1.88
6
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.09
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
737.10 kJ/mol
25
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
5.15 eV
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
28
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
28
99+
Number of Neutrons
106
29
31
99+
Number of Electrons
72
99+
28
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
124.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
124.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
58.69 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
42.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
352.40 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
8.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
7.81 g/cm3
29
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
345.00 MPa
11
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
19.50 (Pa)
6
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
76.00 GPa
12
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
200.00 GPa
11
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
8.90
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
2
Susceptibility
Not Available
600.00
2
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
69.30 nΩ·m
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
112.00 kJ/mol
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
26.07 J/mol·K
31
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
90.90 W/m·K
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
371.80 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
422.60 kJ/mol
17
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
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