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Nickel vs Hafnium

Nickel
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Hf  
Group Number
10  
8
4  
14
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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