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Mercury vs Hafnium

Mercury
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg   
Hf   
Group Number
12   
6
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439976   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %   
9
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
Not Available   
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available   
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
356.58 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
3
Not Available   
Reflectivity
73.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81   
9
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.44   
30
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV   
15
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80   
36
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80   
36
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
121   
22
106   
29
Number of Electrons
80   
36
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu   
32
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3   
24
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
0.00   
1
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53   
16
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K   
6
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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