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Hafnium vs Bismuth

Hafnium
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Bi  
Group Number
4  
14
15  
3
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440699  
22
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
C12/m1  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
12.00  
15
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Claude François Geoffroy  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1753  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
271.30 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
1,560.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Bi  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.02  
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.34  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.67  
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.15  
8
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
2.01  
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.98  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
83  
33
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
83  
33
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
126  
19
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
83  
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
156.00 pm  
31
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
148.00 pm  
38
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
207.00 pm  
33
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
208.98 amu  
29
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
667.40 pm  
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
32.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
12.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
31.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
32.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
9.79  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
20
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
36
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
544.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
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