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Hafnium vs Bismuth

Hafnium
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Bi  
Group Number
4  
14
15  
3
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440699  
22
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
C12/m1  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
12.00  
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Claude François Geoffroy  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1753  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %  
25
7 * 10-8 %  
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~0.000006 %  
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
In Bone
Not Available  
0.20 p.p.m.  
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
271.30 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
1,560.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.25  
15
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
5
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
27
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Bi  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
2.02  
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.34  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
25
1.67  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.15  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
37
2.01  
4
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.98  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.60 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
27
4.22 eV  
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72  
99+
83  
33
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
83  
33
Number of Neutrons
106  
29
126  
18
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
83  
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
28
156.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
23
148.00 pm  
36
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
207.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
208.98 amu  
29
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
38
21.30 cm3/mol  
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
667.40 pm  
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
NA  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
12
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
26
9.78 g/cm3  
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
12
10.05 g/cm3  
18
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
8
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
23
12.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
31.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
25
32.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
18
9.79  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
Not Available  
0.00 H/m  
6
Susceptibility
Not Available  
0.00  
6
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
39
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
91.20 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
37
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
36
25.52 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
5
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
10.90 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
34
56.70 J/mol.K  
24
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