Hafnium vs Bismuth
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Bi
Group Number
4
14
15
3
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440699
22
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
C12/m1
Space Group Number
194.00
5
12.00
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Claude François Geoffroy
Discovery
In 1922
In 1753
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000006 %
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
20
In Bone
Not Available
0.20 p.p.m.
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
271.30 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
1,560.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
2.25
15
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
70.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
1,790.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Bi
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
33
6
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
2.02
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.34
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.67
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.15
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
2.01
4
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.98
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
703.00 kJ/mol
35
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol
33
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,466.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
5th Energy Level
Not Available
5,400.00 kJ/mol
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,520.00 kJ/mol
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
2.60 g/amp-hr
19
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
83
33
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
83
33
Number of Neutrons
106
29
126
18
Number of Electrons
72
99+
83
33
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
156.00 pm
29
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
148.00 pm
36
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
207.00 pm
26
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
208.98 amu
29
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
21.30 cm3/mol
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
41.90 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
667.40 pm
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
9.78 g/cm3
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
10.05 g/cm3
18
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
12.00 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
31.00 GPa
38
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
32.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.33
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
9.79
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
6
Susceptibility
Not Available
0.00
6
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
1.29 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
91.20 kJ/mol
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
7.97 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
151.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
10.90 kJ/mol
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
207.10 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
56.70 J/mol.K
24
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