Bismuth vs Hafnium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi
Hf
Group Number
15
3
4
14
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440699
22
7440586
30
Space Group Name
C12/m1
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
12.00
12
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1753
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %
14
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
20
Not Available
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.
22
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C
99+
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.25
15
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa
99+
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s
99+
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
33
6
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02
6
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34
3
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67
6
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15
4
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
2.01
4
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol
35
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol
33
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol
30
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr
19
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV
22
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83
33
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
83
33
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
126
18
106
29
Number of Electrons
83
33
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm
29
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm
36
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm
26
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu
29
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol
14
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)
99+
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm
2
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3
39
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3
18
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa
99+
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa
38
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa
99+
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.33
11
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.79
30
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m
6
Not Available
Susceptibility
0.00
6
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m
99+
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol
11
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K
99+
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol
99+
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol
33
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K
24
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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