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Bismuth vs Hafnium

Bismuth
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi   
Hf   
Group Number
15   
3
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440699   
22
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
C12/m1   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
12.00   
12
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1753   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %   
14
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3   
20
Not Available   
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.   
22
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25   
15
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa   
99+
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33   
6
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02   
6
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34   
3
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67   
6
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15   
4
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.01   
4
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol   
35
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol   
33
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol   
30
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr   
19
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83   
33
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83   
33
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
126   
18
106   
29
Number of Electrons
83   
33
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm   
29
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm   
36
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm   
26
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu   
29
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol   
14
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)   
99+
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm   
2
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3   
39
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3   
18
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa   
99+
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa   
38
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa   
99+
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.33   
11
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79   
30
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
6
Not Available   
Susceptibility
0.00   
6
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol   
11
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol   
33
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K   
24
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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