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Bismuth vs Lead

Bismuth
Lead
Lead vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi  
Pb  
Group Number
15  
3
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440699  
22
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
12.00  
15
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy  
-  
Discovery
In 1753  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
271.30 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C  
99+
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bi  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02  
7
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34  
3
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67  
7
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15  
8
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
2.01  
5
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98  
99+
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
83  
33
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83  
33
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
126  
19
125  
20
Number of Electrons
83  
33
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm  
31
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm  
38
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm  
33
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu  
29
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm  
2
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
32.00 MPa  
99+
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa  
99+
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.33  
11
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
20
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
36
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
544.00 K  
99+
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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