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Lead vs Bismuth

Lead
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Bi   
Group Number
14   
4
15   
3
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440699   
22
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
C12/m1   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
12.00   
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Claude François Geoffroy   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1753   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.000006 %   
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3   
20
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
0.20 p.p.m.   
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
271.30 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
1,560.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
2.25   
15
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
70.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
1,790.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Bi   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
33   
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
2.02   
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
2.34   
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.67   
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
2.15   
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
2.01   
4
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
1.98   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
703.00 kJ/mol   
35
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol   
33
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
2,466.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
5,400.00 kJ/mol   
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,520.00 kJ/mol   
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
2.60 g/amp-hr   
19
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
83   
33
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
83   
33
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
126   
18
Number of Electrons
82   
34
83   
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
156.00 pm   
29
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
148.00 pm   
36
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
207.00 pm   
26
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
208.98 amu   
29
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
21.30 cm3/mol   
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
41.90 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
667.40 pm   
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
9.78 g/cm3   
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
10.05 g/cm3   
18
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
12.00 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
31.00 GPa   
38
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
32.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
0.33   
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
9.79   
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
6
Susceptibility
Not Available   
0.00   
6
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
1.29 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
91.20 kJ/mol   
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
7.97 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
151.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
10.90 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
207.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
56.70 J/mol.K   
24
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