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Lead vs Bismuth

Lead
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Bi  
Group Number
14  
4
15  
3
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440699  
22
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
C12/m1  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
12.00  
15
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Claude François Geoffroy  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1753  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
271.30 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
1,560.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Bi  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
2.02  
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
2.34  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.67  
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
2.15  
8
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
2.01  
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
1.98  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
83  
33
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
83  
33
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
126  
19
Number of Electrons
82  
34
83  
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
156.00 pm  
31
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
148.00 pm  
38
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
207.00 pm  
33
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
208.98 amu  
29
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
667.40 pm  
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
32.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
12.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
31.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
32.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
9.79  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
20
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
36
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
544.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
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