Lead Bismuth Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Bi
Group Number
14
4
15
3
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7440699
22
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
C12/m1
Space Group Number
225.00
2
12.00
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Claude François Geoffroy
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1753
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.000006 %
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
20
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
0.20 p.p.m.
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
271.30 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
1,560.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
2.25
15
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
70.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
1,790.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
Bi
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
33
6
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
2.02
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
2.34
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.67
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
2.15
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
2.01
4
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
1.98
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
703.00 kJ/mol
35
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol
33
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
2,466.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
5,400.00 kJ/mol
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,520.00 kJ/mol
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
2.60 g/amp-hr
19
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
83
33
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
83
33
Number of Neutrons
125
19
126
18
Number of Electrons
82
34
83
33
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
156.00 pm
29
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
148.00 pm
36
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
207.00 pm
26
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
208.98 amu
29
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
21.30 cm3/mol
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
41.90 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
667.40 pm
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
9.78 g/cm3
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
10.05 g/cm3
18
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
12.00 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
31.00 GPa
38
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
32.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
0.33
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
9.79
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
6
Susceptibility
Not Available
0.00
6
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
1.29 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
91.20 kJ/mol
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
7.97 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
151.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
10.90 kJ/mol
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
207.10 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
56.70 J/mol.K
24
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