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Holmium vs Cadmium

Holmium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho   
Cd   
Group Number
Not Available   
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440600   
29
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1878   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %   
27
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C   
30
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C   
99+
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa   
13
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa   
23
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s   
30
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23   
37
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10   
30
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77   
17
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol   
34
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr   
29
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
98   
34
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
67   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm   
17
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol   
24
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)   
31
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm   
38
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3   
26
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
16
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa   
28
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa   
32
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa   
31
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.23   
29
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80   
35
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m   
4
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K   
19
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)   
35
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol   
38
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol   
29
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol   
36
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K   
8
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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