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Cadmium vs Praseodymium

Cadmium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Pr  
Group Number
12  
6
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440100  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
-  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1885  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
935.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
3,130.00 °C  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Grayish White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
481.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.64  
30
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Pr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.87  
12
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
2.70 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
59  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
59  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
59  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
182.00 pm  
13
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
239.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
140.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Cerium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Neodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
367.25 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
55.00 MPa  
37
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
13.20 (Pa)  
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
14.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
28.80 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
37.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.28  
16
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
19
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,208.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
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