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Holmium vs Gadolinium

Holmium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho   
Gd   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440600   
29
7440542   
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Discovery
In 1878   
In 1880   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %   
27
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C   
30
1,311.00 °C   
35
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C   
99+
3,233.00 °C   
25
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa   
13
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa   
23
510.00 MPa   
22
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s   
30
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho   
Gd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23   
37
1.20   
39
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10   
30
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77   
17
2.80   
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol   
99+
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol   
34
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr   
29
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.10 eV   
35
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67   
99+
64   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2   
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Neutrons
98   
34
93   
37
Number of Electrons
67   
99+
64   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
180.00 pm   
14
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm   
17
196.00 pm   
14
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol   
24
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)   
31
46.10 (-eV)   
34
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm   
38
363.60 pm   
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.59   
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3   
99+
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3   
26
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
16
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa   
28
21.80 GPa   
33
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa   
32
37.90 GPa   
34
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa   
31
54.80 GPa   
35
Poisson Ratio
0.23   
29
0.26   
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80   
35
7.90   
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m   
4
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K   
19
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K   
99+
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)   
35
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol   
38
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol   
29
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol   
36
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K   
8
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
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