1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74407467440086
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.9 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.10 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.6 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
156.61 °C254.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C962.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
4.4.7 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.3 Reflectivity
4.8 Allotropes
4.8.1 α Allotropes
4.8.2 β Allotropes
4.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.4 Electronegativity
5.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.1.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.4.3 Allen Electronegativity
6.5 Electropositivity
6.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.6 Ionization Energies
6.6.1 1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.7.2 2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/molNA
710.2162
28750
6.7.4 3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/molNA
1600
34230
6.7.6 4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
6.8.1 5th Energy Level
6.9.1 6th Energy Level
6.9.2 7th Energy level
6.11.1 8th Energy Level
6.12.1 9th Energy Level
6.12.2 10th Energy Level
7.1.2 11th Energy Level
7.1.3 12th Energy Level
7.1.5 13th Energy Level
7.2.1 14th Energy Level
7.4.2 15th Energy Level
7.4.4 16th Energy Level
7.5.2 17th Energy Level
7.5.3 18th Energy Level
7.5.5 19th Energy Level
7.5.7 20th Energy Level
7.5.8 21st Energy Level
7.6.1 22nd Energy Level
7.6.2 23rd Energy Level
8.1.2 24th Energy Level
8.1.5 25th Energy Level
8.1.7 26th Energy Level
8.2.3 27th Energy Level
8.2.4 28th Energy Level
8.2.6 29th Energy Level
8.2.7 30th Energy Level
8.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.2 Electron Work Function
9.4 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
10.4 Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Monoclinic (MON)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.6.1 Number of Neutrons
10.7.1 Number of Electrons
10.9 Radius of an Atom
10.9.1 Atomic Radius
167.00 pm168.00 pm
112
265
10.9.3 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm140.00 pm
96
260
10.9.4 Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm197.00 pm
139
348
10.10 Atomic Weight
114.82 amu209.00 amu
6.94
294
10.12 Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.13.1 Previous Element
10.13.2 Next Element
10.14 Valence Electron Potential
10.15 Lattice Constant
325.23 pm335.90 pm
228.58
891.25
10.16 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.17 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.KNA
9.5
198.1