Symbol
Pb
  
Lv
  
Period Number
6
  
7
  
Block
p block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Probably Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
  
Not Available
  
Space Group Number
Not Available
  
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Not Available
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Synthetically Produced
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown
  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
  
In 2000
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
  
18
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
- Currently known uses of Livermorium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
NA
  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Research Purposes
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Unknown
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
  
11
Not Available
  
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
  
10
Not Available
  
Melting Point
Not Available
  
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
  
99+
Not Available
  
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Unknown
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Unknown Luster
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
  
99+
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Pb
  
Lv
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
  
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
  
31
723.60 kJ/mol
  
28
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,331.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
  
23
2,846.30 kJ/mol
  
34
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
  
35
3,811.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
  
20
6,078.60 kJ/mol
  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
  
9
Not Available
  
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Chemical Stability, Ionization
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
  
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Not Known
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Livermorium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
Not Available
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
  
27
Not Available
  
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
No Next Element
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
  
99+
Not Available
  
Lattice Constant
Not Available
  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
NA
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm
3
  
33
Not Available
  
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
  
15
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Unknown
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
Not Available
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
  
Unknown
  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
  
16
Not Available
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 10
6/cm Ω
  
36
Not Available
  
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
  
28
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
Not Available
  
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
  
26
Not Available
  
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
  
38
Not Available
  
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
  
13
Not Available
  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
  
17
Not Available