Symbol
Pb
Cd
Group Number
1412
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
65
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74399217440439
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
-
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
327.50 °C320.90 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C765.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.502.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa203.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa90.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.021.71
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
5.00 %67.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Pb
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3534
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.871.69
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.291.98
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.551.46
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.411.53
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.851.52
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.672.31
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol4,040.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol865.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV4.22 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
8248
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
8248
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
12564
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
8248
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm151.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm144.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm158.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu112.41 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm297.94 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.511.89
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa62.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa19.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa42.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa50.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.440.30
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.358.65
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
600.61 K594.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻