Lead

Copper

Lead vs Copper

Lead

Copper

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1411

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

1.6 Block

p block

d block

1.7 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.8 CAS Number

74399217440508

7429905 54386242

1.9 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

1.10 Space Group Number

225.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.

Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.

Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

2.3.2 Discovery

In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)

In Middle East (9000 BCE)

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %6 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.3 Abundance In Sun

~0.000001 %~0.00007 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.01 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.10 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.12 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.

It is use for coinage and bullion.
Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.21 Blood/mg dm-31.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.5 In Bone

30.00 p.p.m.26.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

327.50 °C1,084.62 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,740.00 °C2,562.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Copper

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.503.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.3 Brinell Hardness

38.00 MPa235.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.6 Vickers Hardness

NA343.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,190.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.2 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.3 Reflectivity

NA90.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3529

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.871.90

0.7 2.54

5.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.291.98

0.22 2.56

5.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.551.75

0.86 1.82

5.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.411.49

0.62 2.48

5.3.10 Allen Electronegativity

1.851.85

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.672.10

1.46 3.3

5.6 Ionization Energies

5.6.1 1st Energy Level

715.60 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.6.2 2nd Energy Level

1,450.50 kJ/mol1,957.90 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.7.1 3rd Energy Level

3,081.50 kJ/mol3,555.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

6.1.1 4th Energy Level

4,083.00 kJ/mol5,536.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

6.1.2 5th Energy Level

6,640.00 kJ/mol7,700.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

6.4.2 6th Energy Level

NA9,900.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

6.4.4 7th Energy level

NA13,400.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

6.4.5 8th Energy Level

NA16,000.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

6.4.6 9th Energy Level

NA19,200.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

6.4.8 10th Energy Level

NA22,400.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

6.5.2 11th Energy Level

NA25,600.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

6.5.4 12th Energy Level

NA35,600.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

6.5.6 13th Energy Level

NA38,700.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

6.6.1 14th Energy Level

NA42,000.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

6.7.1 15th Energy Level

NA46,700.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

6.7.2 16th Energy Level

NA50,200.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

6.9.1 17th Energy Level

NA53,700.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

6.9.2 18th Energy Level

NA61,100.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

6.10.1 19th Energy Level

NA64,702.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

6.12.1 20th Energy Level

NA163,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

7.1.2 21st Energy Level

NA174,100.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

7.1.3 22nd Energy Level

NA184,900.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

7.1.5 23rd Energy Level

NA198,800.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

7.1.6 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

7.1.7 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

7.2.1 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

7.3.1 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

7.4.2 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

7.4.4 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

7.5.2 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

7.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.87 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

7.7 Electron Work Function

4.25 eV4.65 eV

2.14 5.65

7.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

8 Atomic

8.1 Atomic Number

8229

3 117

8.3 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

8.4 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

8.4.1 Crystal Lattice

8.5 Atom

8.5.1 Number of Protons

8229

3 117

9.1.4 Number of Neutrons

12535

4 184

9.1.6 Number of Electrons

8229

3 117

9.3 Radius of an Atom

9.3.1 Atomic Radius

175.00 pm128.00 pm

112 265

9.3.3 Covalent Radius

146.00 pm132.00 pm

96 260

9.3.4 Van der Waals Radius

202.00 pm140.00 pm

139 348

9.4 Atomic Weight

207.20 amu63.55 amu

6.94 294

10.2 Atomic Volume

18.17 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

10.4 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

10.4.1 Previous Element

10.4.2 Next Element

10.5 Valence Electron Potential

24.20 (-eV)34.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

10.7 Lattice Constant

495.08 pm361.49 pm

228.58 891.25

10.9 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

10.10 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

11 Mechanical

11.1 Density

11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.34 g/cm³8.96 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

11.2.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.66 g/cm38.02 g/cm3

0.512 20

11.3 Tensile Strength

12.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

11.4 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

11.5 Vapor Pressure

11.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

1.64 (Pa)1.53 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

11.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

11.7 Elasticity properties

11.7.1 Shear Modulus

5.60 GPa48.00 GPa

1.3 222

11.7.2 Bulk Modulus

46.00 GPa140.00 GPa

1.6 462

11.7.3 Young's Modulus

16.00 GPa120.00 GPa

1.7 528

11.8 Poisson Ratio

0.440.34

0.032 0.47

11.9 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

12 Magnetic

12.1 Magnetic Characteristics

12.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.358.89

0.53 4500

12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

12.1.3 Permeability

NA1.256629 * 10^-6 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

12.1.4 Susceptibility

NA-9.63 * 10^-6

-0.000166 200000

12.2 Electrical Properties

12.2.1 Electrical Property

Poor Conductor

Conductor

12.2.2 Resistivity

208.00 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m

0.18 961

12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.05 10⁶/cm Ω0.60 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

12.2.4 Electron Affinity

35.10 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol

0 222.8

13 Thermal

13.1 Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

13.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.65 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

13.3 Thermal Conductivity

35.30 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

13.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

13.5 Thermal Expansion

28.90 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

13.6 Enthalpy

13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

179.40 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

4.77 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

194.60 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol

61.5 837

13.7 Standard Molar Entropy

64.80 J/mol.K33.20 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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