Symbol
Cu
Po
Group Number
1116
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
46
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74405087440086
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
225.00221.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
-
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %-
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %-
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C254.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C962.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Silver
Luster
-
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.002.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa70.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa30.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s2,260.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.102.70
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
90.00 %50.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
α-polonium
β Allotropes
-
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cu
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2929
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.902.00
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.982.00
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.751.76
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.492.48
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.852.19
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.102.00
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol1,833.20 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol8,121.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol81,200.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol81,200.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV4.50 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
2984
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2984
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
35125
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2984
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm168.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm140.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm197.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu209.00 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)9.30 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm335.90 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.281.46
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa50.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa24.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa46.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa46.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.340.23
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.899.32
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K527.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K41.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻