Copper

Polonium

Copper vs Polonium

Copper

Polonium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1116

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Post-Transition

1.6 CAS Number

74405087440086

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Pm-3m

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00221.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.

Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals

Mining, Ores of metals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

2.3.2 Discovery

In Middle East (9000 BCE)

In 1898

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-6 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.00007 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.01 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is use for coinage and bullion.
Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

26.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,084.62 °C254.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,562.00 °C962.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Copper

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

3.00NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

235.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

343.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,810.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

90.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-polonium

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-polonium

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2929

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.902.00

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.98NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.751.76

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.492.48

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.852.19

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.102.00

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

745.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,957.90 kJ/molNA

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,555.00 kJ/molNA

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,536.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,700.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,900.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

13,400.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

16,000.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

19,200.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

22,400.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

25,600.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

35,600.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

38,700.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

42,000.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

46,700.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

50,200.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

53,700.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

61,100.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

64,702.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

163,700.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

174,100.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

184,900.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

198,800.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.19 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.65 eVNA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2984

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Monoclinic (MON)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2984

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

35125

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2984

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

128.00 pm168.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

132.00 pm140.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

140.00 pm197.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

63.55 amu209.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

7.10 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

34.00 (-eV)NA

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

361.49 pm335.90 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

8.96 g/cm³9.20 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

8.02 g/cm39.40 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

1.53 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

48.00 GPaNA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

140.00 GPaNA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

120.00 GPaNA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.34NA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.899.32

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Nonmagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

1.256629 * 10^-6 H/mNA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

-9.63 * 10^-6NA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

16.78 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.60 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

222.80 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.38 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.44 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

401.00 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

16.50 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

283.70 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

7.11 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

338.90 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

33.20 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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