1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74399217440188
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
2.3.2 Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1844
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %4 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %~0.0000005 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
327.50 °C2,250.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
175.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
207.20 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
495.08 pm270.59 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa220.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa447.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1