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Lead
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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pb
Zn
1.2 Group Number
1412
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
64
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
p block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74399217440666
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
225.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Indian metallurgists
2.3.2 Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Before 1000 BCE
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %3 * 10-5 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %~0.0002 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.02 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-37.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.170.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
327.50 °C419.58 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C907.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.502.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa327.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s3,850.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NA1.00
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NA80.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Pb
Zn
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3525
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.871.65
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.292.23
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.551.66
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.411.65
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.851.59
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.672.35
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol906.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol1,733.30 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol3,833.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol5,731.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol7,970.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA10,400.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,900.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA16,800.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA19,600.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA23,000.00 kJ/mol
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA26,400.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA29,990.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA40,490.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA43,800.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA47,300.00 kJ/mol
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA52,300.00 kJ/mol
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA55,900.00 kJ/mol
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA59,700.00 kJ/mol
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA67,300.00 kJ/mol
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA171,200.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA179,100.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr1.22 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.25 eV4.33 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
8230
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
8230
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
12535
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
8230
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
175.00 pm134.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm122.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm139.00 pm
Palladium
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
207.20 amu65.38 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol9.20 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)38.90 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
495.08 pm266.49 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm37.14 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm36.57 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
12.00 MPaNA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa43.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa70.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa108.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.440.25
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.356.90
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m59.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω0.17 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.39 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K25.47 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K116.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)30.20 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
Sodium
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol129.70 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1