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Zinc
Zinc

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Polonium



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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Zn
Po
1.2 Group Number
1216
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
46
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
p block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-​Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74406667440086
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Pm-3m
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00221.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
2.3.2 Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
In 1898
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %NA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %NA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %NA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
419.58 °C254.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
907.00 °C962.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
2.50NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
1.00NA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
80.00 %NA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Zn
Po
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2529
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.652.00
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.661.76
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.652.48
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.592.19
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.352.00
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/molNA
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/molNA
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/molNA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/molNA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/molNA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/molNA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/molNA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/molNA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/molNA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/molNA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/molNA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.33 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
3084
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Monoclinic (MON)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
3084
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
35125
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
3084
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm168.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
122.00 pm140.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm197.00 pm
Palladium
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
65.38 amu209.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)NA
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
266.49 pm335.90 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
43.00 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
108.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.25NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.909.32
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Nonmagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
Sodium
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1