Polonium

Chromium

Polonium vs Chromium

Polonium

Chromium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

166

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74400867440473

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Pm-3m

Im_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

221.00229.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.

Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.

Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of metals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1898

In Between 1797 - 1798

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA1.5 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.002 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.30 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

254.00 °C1,857.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

962.00 °C2,672.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA8.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA687.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA1,060.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA5,940.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-polonium

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-polonium

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2921

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.001.66

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.66

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.761.56

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.48NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

2.191.65

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.002.34

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

812.10 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

NA28,750.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

NA34,230.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA37,066.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA97,510.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA105,800.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA114,300.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA125,300.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA134,700.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA144,300.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA26,130.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA28,750.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA34,230.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA37,066.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA97,510.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA105,800.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA114,300.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA125,300.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA134,700.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NA144,300.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NA157,700.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NA166,090.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.90 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA4.50 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

8424

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹

6.3 Crystal Structure

Monoclinic (MON)

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

8424

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

12528

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

8424

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

168.00 pm128.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

140.00 pm139.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

197.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

209.00 amu52.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

22.23 cm3/mol7.23 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

NA170.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

335.90 pm291.00 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

9.20 g/cm³7.19 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.40 g/cm36.30 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA689.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA774.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA115.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA160.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA279.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.21

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

9.327.19

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Nonmagnetic

Antiferromagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

0.40 nΩ·m125.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.08 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

183.30 kJ/mol64.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.45 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.40 J/mol·K23.35 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

20.00 W/m·K93.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

23.50 µm/(m·K)4.90 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

60.30 kJ/mol348.80 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

13.00 kJ/mol15.31 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

134.00 kJ/mol397.50 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA23.80 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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