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Lutetium vs Berkelium

Lutetium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Lutetium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Lu  
Bk  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439943  
99+
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
  • Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1906  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,652.00 °C  
19
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,402.00 °C  
20
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
893.00 MPa  
11
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
5,200.00 m/s  
10
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Lu  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.27  
35
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.27  
27
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14  
29
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.27  
34
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.27  
99+
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.73  
20
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,022.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,445.00 kJ/mol  
34
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
523.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
523.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,230.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
523.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
523.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.18 g/amp-hr  
27
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
3.30 eV  
99+
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
71  
99+
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
71  
99+
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
104  
31
150  
12
Number of Electrons
71  
99+
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
174.00 pm  
22
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm  
20
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm  
27
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
174.97 amu  
40
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
17.78 cm3/mol  
99+
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ytterbium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Hafnium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
50.90 (-eV)  
27
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
350.31 pm  
99+
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
32
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.84 g/cm3  
99+
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.30 g/cm3  
99+
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
230.00 MPa  
18
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.18 (Pa)  
11
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.20 GPa  
33
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
47.60 GPa  
25
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
68.60 GPa  
32
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
21
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.84  
99+
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
14
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
582.00 nΩ·m  
9
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)  
37
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.86 J/mol·K  
31
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
16.40 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,925.00 K  
23
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
355.90 kJ/mol  
32
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
18.70 kJ/mol  
13
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
398.00 kJ/mol  
26
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
51.00 J/mol.K  
99+
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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