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Lutetium vs Hafnium

Lutetium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Lutetium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Lu   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439943   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
  • Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1906   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,652.00 °C   
19
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
3,402.00 °C   
19
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
893.00 MPa   
10
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa   
8
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Lu   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.27   
34
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14   
28
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.73   
20
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,340.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,022.30 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,445.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.18 g/amp-hr   
23
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.30 eV   
33
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
71   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
71   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
104   
30
106   
29
Number of Electrons
71   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
174.00 pm   
20
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm   
20
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm   
22
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
174.97 amu   
40
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
17.78 cm3/mol   
30
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ytterbium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Hafnium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
50.90 (-eV)   
26
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
350.31 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
10
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.84 g/cm3   
38
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.30 g/cm3   
22
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
33
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.18 (Pa)   
11
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.20 GPa   
26
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
47.60 GPa   
23
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
68.60 GPa   
30
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
21
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.84   
29
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
582.00 nΩ·m   
9
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)   
36
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
26.86 J/mol·K   
24
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
16.40 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)   
40
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
355.90 kJ/mol   
22
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
18.70 kJ/mol   
13
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
398.00 kJ/mol   
20
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
51.00 J/mol.K   
30
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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