Symbol
Hg
Cu
Group Number
1211
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
64
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74399767440508
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
R_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
166.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians
-
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.09 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.01 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %0.01 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
-0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-31.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.26.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
-38.83 °C1,084.62 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
356.58 °C2,562.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Liquid
Solid
Color
Silver
Copper
Luster
-
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.503.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa235.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
0.00 MPa343.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.001.10
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
73.00 %90.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Hg
Cu
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3429
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.001.90
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.201.98
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.441.75
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.811.49
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.441.85
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.002.10
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol1,957.90 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol3,555.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol5,536.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol7,700.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol9,900.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
1,007.00 kJ/mol13,400.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol16,000.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol19,200.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol22,400.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol25,600.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol35,600.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol38,700.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol42,000.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
100,700.00 kJ/mol46,700.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol50,200.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol53,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol61,100.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol64,702.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol163,700.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol174,100.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol184,900.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol198,800.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV4.65 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
8029
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
8029
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
12135
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
8029
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm128.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm132.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm140.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu63.55 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)34.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm361.49 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
-
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.421.28
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm38.96 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.55 g/cm38.02 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa210.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.53 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa48.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
25.00 GPa140.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa120.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.440.34
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.538.89
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.60 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K1,358.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K33.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻