Symbol
Mo
  
Mo
  
Period Number
5
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
  
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
  
Discovery
In 1778
  
In 1778
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %
  
19
~0.0000009 %
  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
31
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
31
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.
  
18
0.70 p.p.m.
  
18
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa
  
7
1,370.00 MPa
  
7
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa
  
6
1,400.00 MPa
  
6
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s
  
6
5,400.00 m/s
  
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Mo
  
Mo
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol
  
37
684.30 kJ/mol
  
37
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol
  
37
1,560.00 kJ/mol
  
37
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,618.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol
  
26
4,480.00 kJ/mol
  
26
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol
  
32
5,257.00 kJ/mol
  
32
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol
  
22
6,640.80 kJ/mol
  
22
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol
  
13
12,125.00 kJ/mol
  
13
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol
  
16
13,860.00 kJ/mol
  
16
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol
  
16
15,835.00 kJ/mol
  
16
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol
  
18
17,980.00 kJ/mol
  
18
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol
  
17
20,190.00 kJ/mol
  
17
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol
  
15
22,219.00 kJ/mol
  
15
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol
  
13
26,930.00 kJ/mol
  
13
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol
  
13
29,196.00 kJ/mol
  
13
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol
  
7
52,490.00 kJ/mol
  
7
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol
  
8
55,000.00 kJ/mol
  
8
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
61,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol
  
9
67,700.00 kJ/mol
  
9
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
74,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol
  
10
80,400.00 kJ/mol
  
10
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
87,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol
  
7
93,400.00 kJ/mol
  
7
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol
  
6
98,420.00 kJ/mol
  
6
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol
  
2
104,400.00 kJ/mol
  
2
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol
  
1
121,900.00 kJ/mol
  
1
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
127,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
133,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
139,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol
  
1
148,100.00 kJ/mol
  
1
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol
  
1
154,500.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
  
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol
  
99+
9.40 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)
  
13
88.60 (-eV)
  
13
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm
3
  
36
10.28 g/cm
3
  
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable
  
Ductile, Weldable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
  
Semiconductor
  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m
  
99+
53.40 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 10
6/cm Ω
  
11
0.19 10
6/cm Ω
  
11
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol
  
14
71.90 kJ/mol
  
14
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)
  
21
0.25 J/(kg K)
  
21
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K
  
12
138.00 W/m·K
  
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
4.80 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol
  
8
594.10 kJ/mol
  
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol
  
5
27.61 kJ/mol
  
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol
  
7
653.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K
  
99+
28.70 J/mol.K
  
99+