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Molybdenum vs Nickel

Molybdenum
Nickel
Nickel vs Molybdenum


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo   
Ni   
Group Number
6   
12
10   
8
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439987   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1778   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %   
19
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %   
19
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
24
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
39
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
9
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C   
5
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C   
9
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa   
7
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa   
6
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s   
6
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
58.00 %   
15
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mo   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16   
5
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15   
19
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30   
24
1.75   
3
Allen Electronegativity
2.16   
3
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84   
99+
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV   
12
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
42   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
42   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
54   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
42   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm   
39
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm   
32
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Niobium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Technetium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)   
13
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm   
99+
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3   
36
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3   
20
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa   
13
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
26
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa   
8
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa   
6
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa   
6
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.22   
27
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K   
12
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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