Molybdenum

Thorium

Molybdenum vs Thorium

Molybdenum

Thorium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74399877440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1778

In 1829

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

5 * 10^-7 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000009 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.

Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.70 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

2,617.00 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

4,612.00 °C4,790.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

5.503.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

1,370.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

1,400.00 MPa295.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

5,400.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

58.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2528

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.161.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.15NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.301.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

2.16NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.842.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

684.30 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,560.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,618.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,480.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

5,257.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

6,640.80 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,125.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

13,860.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

15,835.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

17,980.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

20,190.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

22,219.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

26,930.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

29,196.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

52,490.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

55,000.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

61,400.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

67,700.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

74,000.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

80,400.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

87,000.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

93,400.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

98,420.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

104,400.00 kJ/molNA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

121,900.00 kJ/molNA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

127,700.00 kJ/molNA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

133,800.00 kJ/molNA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

139,800.00 kJ/molNA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

148,100.00 kJ/molNA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

154,500.00 kJ/molNA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.89 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.60 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

4290

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

4290

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

54142

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

4290

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

139.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

154.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

95.95 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

9.40 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

88.60 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

314.70 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

10.28 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.33 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

324.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

126.00 GPa31.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

230.00 GPa54.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

329.00 GPa79.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.310.27

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Weldable

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

10.2211.70

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Semiconductor

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

53.40 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.19 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

71.90 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.25 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.06 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

138.00 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

4.80 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

594.10 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

27.61 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

653.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

28.70 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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