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Nickel vs Gadolinium

Nickel
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Gd  
Group Number
10  
8
0  
18
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %  
4
2 * 10-7 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %  
3
~0.0000002 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
Not Available  
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
18
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
38
3,233.00 °C  
25
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
10
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
18
Not Available  
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
16
510.00 MPa  
22
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
12
2,680.00 m/s  
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
9
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
10
1.20  
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
10
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
3
1.11  
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
6
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
25
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
15
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
30
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
15
Not Available  
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
Not Available  
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
Not Available  
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
Not Available  
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
Not Available  
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
Not Available  
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
Not Available  
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
Not Available  
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
Not Available  
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
Not Available  
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
Not Available  
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
Not Available  
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
Not Available  
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
Not Available  
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
32
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
2
3.10 eV  
35
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
28  
99+
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
93  
37
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
40
237.00 pm  
15
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
34
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
363.60 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.59  
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
29
7.40 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
11
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
21.80 GPa  
33
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
37.90 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
11
54.80 GPa  
35
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
33
7.90  
40
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
Not Available  
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
Not Available  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
13
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
6
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
31
37.03 J/mol·K  
2
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
28
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
20
359.40 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
10.05 kJ/mol  
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
17
352.00 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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