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Gadolinium vs Nickel

Gadolinium
Nickel
Nickel vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Ni  
Group Number
0  
18
10  
8
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1880  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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