Niobium Magnesium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Mg
Group Number
5
13
2
16
Period Number
5
3
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7439954
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Joseph Black
Discovery
In 1801
In 1755
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
6 * 10-2 %
2
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.07 %
2
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
12.00 %
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
2.90 %
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.13 %
2
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.03 %
4
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
- It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
5
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
1,800.00 p.p.m.
4
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
650.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
1,107.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
260.00 MPa
36
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
4,940.00 m/s
11
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
74.00 %
7
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Mg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
15
24
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.31
31
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
1.32
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.37
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
1.29
35
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.69
23
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
737.70 kJ/mol
24
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.70 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
7,732.70 kJ/mol
5
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
10,542.50 kJ/mol
4
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
13,630.00 kJ/mol
3
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
18,020.00 kJ/mol
3
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
21,711.00 kJ/mol
3
8th Energy Level
Not Available
25,661.00 kJ/mol
3
9th Energy Level
Not Available
31,653.00 kJ/mol
3
10th Energy Level
Not Available
35,458.00 kJ/mol
5
11th Energy Level
Not Available
169,988.00 kJ/mol
1
12th Energy Level
Not Available
189,368.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
0.45 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
3.66 eV
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
12
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Ne] 3s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
12
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
12
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
12
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
160.00 pm
27
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
141.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
173.00 pm
37
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
24.31 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
13.97 cm3/mol
37
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
40.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
320.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
1.74 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
1.58 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
17.00 GPa
37
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
45.00 GPa
25
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
45.00 GPa
39
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.29
15
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
1.74
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
43.90 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.23 106/cm Ω
7
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
1.02 J/(kg K)
4
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
24.87 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
156.00 W/m·K
8
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
24.80 µm/(m·K)
15
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
128.70 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
8.95 kJ/mol
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
148.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
32.70 J/mol.K
99+
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