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Niobium vs Magnesium

Niobium
Magnesium
Magnesium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Mg   
Group Number
5   
13
2   
16
Period Number
5   
3   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7439954   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Joseph Black   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1755   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
6 * 10-2 %   
2
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.07 %   
2
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
12.00 %   
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
2.90 %   
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.13 %   
2
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.03 %   
4
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3   
5
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
1,800.00 p.p.m.   
4
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
650.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
1,107.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
260.00 MPa   
36
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
4,940.00 m/s   
11
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
74.00 %   
7
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Mg   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
15   
24
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.31   
31
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
1.32   
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.37   
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
1.29   
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
2.69   
23
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
737.70 kJ/mol   
24
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,450.70 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,732.70 kJ/mol   
5
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
10,542.50 kJ/mol   
4
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
13,630.00 kJ/mol   
3
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
18,020.00 kJ/mol   
3
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
21,711.00 kJ/mol   
3
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,661.00 kJ/mol   
3
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
31,653.00 kJ/mol   
3
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,458.00 kJ/mol   
5
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
169,988.00 kJ/mol   
1
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
189,368.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.45 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
3.66 eV   
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
12   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Ne] 3s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
12   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
12   
99+
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
12   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
160.00 pm   
27
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
141.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
173.00 pm   
37
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
24.31 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
13.97 cm3/mol   
37
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Sodium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Aluminium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
40.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
320.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
1.74 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
1.58 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
17.00 GPa   
37
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
45.00 GPa   
25
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
45.00 GPa   
39
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.29   
15
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
1.74   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
43.90 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.23 106/cm Ω   
7
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
1.02 J/(kg K)   
4
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
24.87 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
156.00 W/m·K   
8
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
24.80 µm/(m·K)   
15
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
128.70 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
8.95 kJ/mol   
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
148.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
32.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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