Magnesium vs Niobium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg
Nb
Group Number
2
16
5
13
Period Number
3
5
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439954
99+
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Joseph Black
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1755
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-2 %
2
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.07 %
2
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %
2
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %
4
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %
2
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %
4
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
- It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
5
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.
4
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
650.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa
36
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s
11
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
74.00 %
7
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mg
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
15
24
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31
31
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32
18
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37
16
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.29
35
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69
23
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol
24
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol
5
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol
4
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol
3
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol
3
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol
3
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV
29
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
12
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
12
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
12
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm
99+
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm
37
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol
37
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)
99+
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm
99+
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa
37
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa
25
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa
39
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.29
15
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.74
99+
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m
99+
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω
7
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)
4
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K
99+
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K
8
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)
15
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol
99+
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol
39
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol
99+
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K
99+
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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