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Magnesium vs Thorium

Magnesium
Thorium
Thorium vs Magnesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg   
Th   
Group Number
2   
16
0   
18
Period Number
3   
7   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439954   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joseph Black   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1755   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-2 %   
2
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.07 %   
2
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %   
2
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %   
4
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %   
2
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %   
4
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3   
5
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.   
4
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
650.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa   
36
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s   
11
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
74.00 %   
7
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mg   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15   
24
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31   
31
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32   
18
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37   
16
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.29   
35
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69   
23
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol   
24
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol   
5
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol   
4
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV   
29
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
12   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
12   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
12   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
12   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm   
37
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol   
37
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Sodium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Aluminium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa   
37
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa   
25
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa   
39
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.29   
15
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.74   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω   
7
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)   
4
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K   
8
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)   
15
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol   
39
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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