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Magnesium vs Thorium

Magnesium
Thorium
Thorium vs Magnesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg  
Th  
Group Number
2  
16
0  
18
Period Number
3  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439954  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joseph Black  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1755  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.06 %  
3
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.07 %  
2
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %  
2
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %  
4
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %  
2
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %  
5
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
650.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.49  
37
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
74.00 %  
9
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mg  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15  
24
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31  
32
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32  
24
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37  
30
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.29  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69  
23
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV  
40
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
12  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
12  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
12  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Sodium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Aluminium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
24
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa  
29
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.74  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
33
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K  
8
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
923.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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