Magnesium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg
Th
Group Number
2
16
0
18
Period Number
3
7
Block
s block
f block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Actinide
CAS Number
7439954
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Joseph Black
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1755
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-2 %
2
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.07 %
2
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %
2
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %
4
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %
2
0.00 %
15
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %
4
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
- It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
5
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.
4
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
650.00 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa
36
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s
11
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
74.00 %
7
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mg
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
15
24
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31
31
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32
18
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37
16
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.29
35
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69
23
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol
24
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol
5
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol
4
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV
29
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
12
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
12
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
12
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm
37
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol
37
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)
99+
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa
37
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa
25
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa
39
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.29
15
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.74
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m
99+
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω
7
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)
4
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K
99+
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K
8
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)
15
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol
39
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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