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Niobium vs Gadolinium

Niobium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Gd  
Group Number
5  
13
0  
18
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
93  
38
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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