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Gadolinium vs Niobium

Gadolinium
Niobium
Niobium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Nb   
Group Number
0   
18
5   
13
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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