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Gadolinium vs Niobium

Gadolinium
Niobium
Niobium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Nb  
Group Number
0  
18
5  
13
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1880  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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