Gadolinium vs Niobium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd
Nb
Group Number
0
18
5
13
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440542
33
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1880
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
30
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
Not Available
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
35
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
25
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa
22
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80
15
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
64
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
93
37
52
99+
Number of Electrons
64
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm
14
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
34
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm
32
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
9
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3
31
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)
9
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa
33
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa
34
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa
35
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.26
23
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.90
40
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
2
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
99+
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
21
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
36
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
27
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
16
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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