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Niobium vs Cerium

Niobium
Cerium
Cerium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Ce   
Group Number
5   
13
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440451   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Moderately Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
795.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
3,257.00 °C   
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
186.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
210.00 MPa   
32
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Ce   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
30   
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.12   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.08   
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
2.88   
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
2.84 eV   
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
58   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
58   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
82   
99+
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
58   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
181.80 pm   
12
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
204.00 pm   
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
235.00 pm   
17
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
140.12 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
362.00 pm   
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
13.50 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
21.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
33.60 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.24   
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
6.77   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
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