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Niobium vs Cerium

Niobium
Cerium
Cerium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Ce  
Group Number
5  
13
Not Available  
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
1
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
1 * 10-6 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %  
23
~0.0000004 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
25
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
14
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
12
210.00 MPa  
32
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
21
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
23
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
16
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
25
1.08  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
31
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
36
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
21
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
18
2.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41  
99+
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
35
181.80 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
28
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
235.00 pm  
17
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
20.67 cm3/mol  
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
362.00 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available  
6.55 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
12
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
19
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
20
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
37
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
28
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
12
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.19 J/(kg K)  
32
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
23
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
4
414.00 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
381.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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