Niobium Gadolinium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Gd
Group Number
5
13
0
18
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440542
33
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1801
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
Not Available
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,311.00 °C
35
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
3,233.00 °C
25
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
510.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.20
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.80
15
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
64
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
64
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
93
37
Number of Electrons
41
99+
64
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
46.10 (-eV)
34
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
363.60 pm
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
7.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
7.40 g/cm3
31
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
7.39 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
21.80 GPa
33
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
37.90 GPa
34
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
54.80 GPa
35
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.26
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
7.90
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
37.03 J/mol·K
2
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
10.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
359.40 kJ/mol
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
10.05 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
352.00 kJ/mol
27
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
68.10 J/mol.K
16
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